Modern astronomy goes beyond cataloguing objects by examining what aspect?

Modern astronomy indeed extends beyond merely cataloguing celestial objects by focusing on how matter and energy operate within the universe. This approach encompasses exploring fundamental principles such as gravity, thermodynamics, and the behavior of light and radiation. By understanding these aspects, astronomers can gain deeper insights into phenomena like star formation, black holes, and the expansion of the universe.

This focus on the interplay of matter and energy allows scientists to make predictions about cosmic events and understand the underlying laws governing the universe. It involves not only observational techniques but also theoretical models that explain how the universe evolves and the interactions that take place within it. Ultimately, this comprehensive understanding is essential for advancing knowledge in fields such as cosmology, astrophysics, and even fields that can apply these principles like exoplanet studies.

While options relating to optical properties, chemical composition, and historical observations provide important details about celestial bodies, they are more focused on description rather than the fundamental workings of the universe, which is why they don't capture the broader scope of modern astronomy as effectively as understanding the dynamics of matter and energy.